Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Countering postoperative immune suppression with a self-assembling dendritic cell nanovaccine

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: BAITs promote DC activation and antigen presentation via enhanced lysosomal processing. (A) Schematic for MHC Ⅰ/Ⅱ immunostaining. DCs were treated with antigens or BAITs (12 h), then incubated in fresh medium (with TGFβ) for 24 h before staining. (B, C) Quantification of surface MHC Ⅰ (B) and MHC Ⅱ (C) on DCs (n = 8; n.s. is P > 0.05, ∗∗∗ is P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ is P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test). (D, E) Representative immunofluorescence images of DCs (blue: nuclei; yellow: LAMP1; green: MHC Ⅰ; magenta: MHC Ⅱ). BAIT-treated DCs show strong surface MHC and minimal intracellular antigen signal, whereas antigen-treated DCs show retained antigen (red) and weak surface MHC signal. (F–H) Flow cytometric analysis of MHC Ⅰ (F), MHC Ⅱ (G), and CD80 (H) expression on murine CD11c + DCs after exposure to antigens or BAITs. (I) Quantification of MHC Ⅰ, MHC Ⅱ, and CD80 expression in DCs by flow cytometry (n = 3; ∗∗∗ is P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ is P < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test). (J) Heatmap of DC activation-related gene expression after treatment with antigens or BAITs, highlighting upregulation of maturation and antigen presentation genes and downregulation of immunosuppressive genes by BAITs (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: After treatment, the cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. For intracellular protein staining, fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 at room temperature for 10 min. Next, the cells were blocked with 2% BSA and incubated with rat CoraLite Plus 488 anti-mouse LAMP1 antibody (1:200) and rabbit anti-mouse pSAP (1:200) antibody overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunopeptidomics, Immunostaining, Incubation, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Gene Expression

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Injection site dictates the immune response to a biodegradable polymer and corresponding collagen regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.04.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: ID tissue exhibits higher densities of fibroblasts, macrophages, and microvessels compared to SC tissue. Immunofluorescence analysis comparing the expression of Vimentin (a fibroblast marker), CD68 (a macrophage marker), and CD31 (an endothelial cell marker) in ID and SC tissues. For each group, n = 3; data represent mean ± s.d.; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After antigen retrieval and blocking, sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies targeting vimentin, CD68 (ABclonal, A20803), CD31 (R&D SYSTEMS, AF3628), HMGB1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 3935), HSP70 (ABclonal, A23457), NF-κB p65 (ABclonal, A19653), CD206 (Cell Signaling Technology, 24595), and FAPα (ABclonal, A23789 ).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Marker

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing